Septic shock is a serious, abnormal condition that occurs when an overwhelming infection leads to low blood pressure and low blood flow. Vital organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver may not function properly or may fail. Decreased urine output from kidney failure may be one manifestation.

Alternative Names

Bacteremic shock; Endotoxic shock; Septicemic shock; Warm shock

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Septic shock occurs most often in the very old and the very young. It also occurs in people with underlying illnesses. Any bacterial organism can cause septic shock. Fungi and (rarely) viruses may also cause this condition. Toxins released by the bacteria or fungus may cause direct tissue damage, and may lead to low blood pressure and/or poor organ function. These toxins also produce a vigorous inflammatory response from the body which contributes to septic shock. Risk factors include underlying illnesses, such as diabetes ; hematologic cancers (lymphoma or leukemia); and other malignancies and diseases of the genitourinary system, liver or biliary system , and intestinal system. Other risk factors are recent infection, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and having had a recent surgical or medical procedure. See also:

Meningococcemia

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

ARDS

Signs and tests

Blood gases

may reveal low oxygen concentration and acidosis

Blood cultures

to detect infection

Blood pressure readings are low

Chest X-ray may reveal pneumonia or pulmonary edema

The blood count may reflect infection

Blood tests may reflect poor organ function or organ failure

Treatment

Septic shock is a medical emergency, and patients are usually admitted to intensive care. The objective of treatment is to:

Provide oxygen, and treat

respiratory distress if present

Administer

intravenous fluids to restore blood volume, and vasoactive drugs to treat low blood pressure

Treat underlying infections with antibiotics

Support any poorly functioning organs

Hemodynamic monitoring, to evaluate the pressures in the heart and lungs in treatment of shock , may be required. This can only be done with specialized equipment and intensive care nursing.

Expectations (prognosis)

Septic shock has a high death rate, exceeding 50%, depending on the type of organism causing the infection and the degree of organ failure.

Complications

Respiratory failure, cardiac failure , or any other organ failure can occur.

Calling your health care provider

Go to the emergency room if symptoms of septic shock are present. You may need to call an ambulance if you have no means of transportation, or if you feel like you are unable to drive.

Prevention

Prompt treatment of infections caused by bacteria is helpful. However, many cases cannot be prevented.